ericha paper: Muammar Gaddafi

This article's introduction section may not adequately summarize its contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (February 2011)

This article is about a person involved in a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses. (February 2011)

Muammar Gaddafi
Gaddafi at the 12th African Union summit in Addis Ababa. (2009)
Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya
Incumbent
Assumed office 2 March 1979
President	show all[show] Abdul Ati al-Obeidi Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab Mifta al-Usta Umar Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa Muhammad al-Zanati Miftah Muhammed K'eba Imbarek Shamekh Mohamed Abu Al-Quasim al-Zwai
Prime Minister	show all[show] Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir Abuzed Omar Dorda Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush Imbarek Shamekh Shukri Ghanem Baghdadi Mahmudi
Preceded by	Position established
Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya
In office 2 March 1977 – 2 March 1979
Prime Minister	Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Prime Minister of Libya
In office 16 January 1970 – 16 July 1972
Preceded by	Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi
Succeeded by	Abdessalam Jalloud
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya
In office 1 September 1969 – 2 March 1979
Prime Minister	Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi Abdessalam Jalloud Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Preceded by	Idris*
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Chairperson of the African Union
In office 2 February 2009 – 31 January 2010
Preceded by	Jakaya Kikwete
Succeeded by	Bingu wa Mutharika

Born	7 June 1942 (1942-06-07) (age 68) Sirt, Italian Libya
Spouse(s)	Fatiha al-Nuri (Divorced) Safia Farkash (1970–present)
Children	Muhammad Saif al-Islam Al-Saadi Moatessem-Billal Hannibal Saif al-Arab Khamis Ayesha Hanna
Alma mater	Royal Military Academy Sandhurst Hellenic Military Academy
Religion	Sunni Islam
Signature
*As King of Libya

Muammar Muhammad al-Gaddafi^[1]^[variations] (Arabic: معمر القذافي‎ Muʿammar al-Qaḏḏāfī

audio (help·info); born 7 June 1942), commonly referred to as El Qadafi or Arabic honorific expressions which can be translated, "The Brother Leader" or "The Guide," has been the leader of Libya since his successful military coup of 1969.^[2]
In 1977, the Libyan Arab Republic was renamed to Jamahiriya based on Gaddafi's political philosophy published in the Green Book. Since 1979, when Gaddafi relinquished the title of prime minister, he has been accorded the full honorific "Brotherly Leader and Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" (or more concisely as "Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution") in government statements and the official press.^[3]^[4]
Gaddafi's regime was associated with oppression of the opposition, numerous acts of state-sponsored terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s, assassination of expatriate opposition leaders, and crass nepotism, amassing a multi-billion fortune for himself and his family.^[5]
After the 1986 bombing of Libya and the 1993 imposition of UN sanctions, Gaddafi gradually sought more benign relations with the west, resulting in the lifting of UN sanctions in 2003.
With the death of Omar Bongo of Gabon on 8 June 2009, he became the longest serving of all current non-royal national leaders and he is one of the longest-serving rulers in history. He is also the longest-serving ruler of Libya since the country became an Ottoman province in 1551.^[6]
In early February 2011, major political protests (inspired by recent similar events in Tunisia, Egypt and other parts of the Arab world), which quickly turned into a general uprising, broke out in Libya against Gaddafi's government. By 26 February 2011, Gaddafi was reported as having lost control of much of the country.^[7]^[8]

[hide]

Early life

Muammar al-Gaddafi was born in a bedouin tent in the desert near Sirt in 1942. His family belongs to a small tribe of Arabized Berbers, the Qaddadfa, who are stockherders with holdings in the Hun Oasis. As a boy, Gaddafi attended a Muslim elementary school, during which time the major events occurring in the Arab world—the Arab defeat in Palestine in 1948 to Israeli forces and Nasser's rise to power in Egypt in 1952—profoundly influenced him. He finished his secondary school studies under a private tutor in Misurata, paying particular attention to the study of history.
In Libya, as in a number of other Arab countries, admission to the military academy and a career as an army officer became available to members of the lower economic strata only after independence. A military career offered a new opportunity for higher education, for upward economic and social mobility, and was for many the only available means of political action and rapid change. For Gaddafi and many of his fellow officers, who were animated by Nasser's brand of Arab nationalism as well as by an intense hatred of Israel, a military career was a revolutionary vocation.
Gaddafi entered the Libyan military academy at Benghazi in 1961 and, along with most of his colleagues from the Revolutionary Command Council, graduated in the 1965–66 period. After receiving his commission, he was selected for several months of further training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, England.^{[citation needed]} Gaddafi's association with the Free Officers Movement began during his days as a cadet. The frustration and shame felt by Libyan officers who stood by helplessly at the time of Israel's swift and humiliating defeat of Arab armies on three fronts in 1967 fueled their determination to contribute to Arab unity by overthrowing the Libyan monarchy.
An early conspirator, he began his first plan to overthrow the monarchy while in military college. He received further military training in the Hellenic Military Academy in Athens, Greece^[9] and in the United Kingdom.^[10]

In power

Main article: Libya under Gaddafi

Military coup d'état

Gaddafi (left) with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1969

On 1 September 1969, a small group of junior military officers led by Gaddafi staged a bloodless coup d'état against King Idris while he was in Turkey for medical treatment. His nephew, the Crown Prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, had been formally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest; they abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic.^[11]
A plan was organised by David Stirling to use mercenaries to restore the monarchy after he was approached by a member of the royal family. Stirling was the founder of the Special Air Service in 1941. The mercenaries were to "spring" 150 political prisoners from Tripoli jail as a catalyst for a general uprising. The mercenaries were to slip away quietly, unseen by the media, as the locals took over. It was called the "Hilton Assignment" as an ironic comment on the comfort level at the jail. Stirling was fairly confident that the plan was achievable and politically acceptable but he was warned off at a late stage by the British Secret Intelligence Service, allegedly because the United States Government felt that Gaddafi was sufficiently anti-Marxist to be worth protecting.^[12]^[13]

Initial policies

The 27-year-old Gaddafi, with a taste for safari suits and sunglasses, then sought to become the new "Che Guevara of the age".^[14] To accomplish this Gaddafi turned Libya into a haven for anti-Western radicals, where any group, supposedly, could receive weapons and financial assistance, provided they claimed to be fighting imperialism.^[14] The Italian population in Libya almost disappeared after Gaddafi ordered the expulsion of Italians in 1970.^[15]
A Revolutionary Command Council was formed to rule the country, with Gaddafi as chairman. He added the title of prime minister in 1970, but gave up this title in 1972. Unlike some other military revolutionaries, Gaddafi did not promote himself to the rank of general upon seizing power, but rather accepted a ceremonial promotion from captain to colonel and has remained at this rank since then. While at odds with Western military ranking for a colonel to rule a country and serve as commander-in-chief of its military, in Gaddafi's own words Libya's society is "ruled by the people", so he needs no more grandiose title or supreme military rank.^[2]

Ideology

Gaddafi's Green Book

On Prophet Muhammad's birthday in 1973, Gaddafi delivered his famous "Five-Point Address" which declared:^[16]

Suspension of all existing laws and implementation of Sharia
Purging the country of the "politically sick"
Creation of a "people's militia" to "protect the revolution"
Administrative revolution
Cultural revolution

School vacations were canceled to teach Gaddafi's thoughts to children in the summer of 1973.^[16]
Gaddafi based his new regime on a blend of Arab nationalism,^[17]^[18] aspects of the welfare state,^[19]^[20]^[21] and what Gaddafi termed "popular democracy",^[22] or more commonly "direct, popular democracy". He called this system "Islamic socialism", and, while he permitted private control over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones. Welfare, "liberation" (or “emancipation” depending on the translation),^[23] and education^[24] were emphasized. He also imposed a system of Islamic morals,^[25]^[26] outlawing alcohol and gambling. Like previous revolutionary figures of the 20th century such as Mao and his Little Red Book, Gaddafi outlined his political philosophy in his Green Book to reinforce the ideals of this socialist-Islamic state and published it in three volumes between 1975 and 1979.^{[citation needed]}
In 1977, Gaddafi proclaimed that Libya was changing its form of government from a republic to a "jamahiriya" – a neologism that means "mass-state" or "government by the masses". In theory, Libya became a direct democracy governed by the people^[27] through local popular councils and communes.^[28] At the top of this structure was the General People's Congress,^[29] with Gaddafi as secretary-general. However, after only two years, Gaddafi gave up all of his governmental posts in keeping with the new egalitarian philosophy.^{[citation needed]}

Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito (in blue) and Gaddafi (in brown) in 1975

Gaddafi established close relations with communist regimes.
With respect to Libya's neighbors, Gaddafi followed Gamal Abdel Nasser's ideas of pan-Arabism and became a fervent advocate of the unity of all Arab states into one Arab nation. He also supported pan-Islamism, the notion of a loose union of all Islamic countries and peoples. After Nasser's death on 28 September 1970, Gaddafi attempted to take up the mantle of ideological leader of Arab nationalism. He proclaimed the "Federation of Arab Republics" (Libya, Egypt, and Syria) in 1972, hoping to create a pan-Arab state, but the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger. In 1974, he signed an agreement with Tunisia's Habib Bourguiba on a merger between the two countries, but this also failed to work in practice and ultimately differences between the two countries would deteriorate into strong animosity.
From time to time, Gaddafi has responded to domestic and external opposition with violence. His revolutionary committees called for the assassination of Libyan dissidents living abroad in April 1980, with Libyan hit squads sent abroad to murder them. On 26 April 1980, Gaddafi set a deadline of 11 June 1980 for dissidents to return home or be "in the hands of the revolutionary committees".^[30]

Political repression

Gaddafi's Revolutionary committees resemble similar systems in communist countries and reportedly 10 to 20 percent of Libyans work in surveillance for these committees, a proportion of informants on par with Saddam Hussein's Iraq or Kim Jong-il's North Korea. The surveillance takes place in government, in factories, and in the education sector.^[16]
Engaging in political conversations with foreigners is a crime punishable by three years of prison. In any case Gaddafi removed foreign languages from school curriculum. One protester in 2011 described the situation as: "None of us can speak English or French. He kept us ignorant and blindfolded".^[31]
The regime has often executed dissidents publicly and the executions are rebroadcast on state television channels.^[16]^[32]
Libya is the most censored country in the Middle East and North Africa, according to the Freedom of the Press Index.^[33]

Wars against Chad and Egypt

As early as 1969 Gaddafi waged a campaign against Chad. Libya was also involved in a sometimes violent territorial dispute with neighbouring Chad over the Aouzou Strip, which Libya occupied in 1973. This dispute eventually led to the Libyan invasion of the country and to a conflict that was ended by a ceasefire reached in 1987. The dispute was in the end settled peacefully in June 1994 when Libya withdrew troops from Chad due to a judgement of the International Court of Justice issued on 13 February 1994.^[34]
Libyan military adventures in Chad failed, e.g., the prolonged foray of Libyan troops into the Aozou Strip in northern Chad began in 1976 was finally repulsed in 1987, when extensive U.S. and French help to Chadian rebel forces and the government headed by former Defence Minister Hissan Habré finally led to a Chadian victory in the so-called Toyota War.
Gaddafi dispatched his military across the border to Egypt in 1977, but Egyptian forces fought back in the Libyan–Egyptian War and Gaddafi had to retreat.

Islamic Legion

Attempts at nuclear and chemical weapons

In 1972 Gaddafi tried to get the People's Republic of China to sell him a nuclear bomb. In 1977, he then tried to get a bomb from Pakistan, but Pakistan deliberately severed its ties before it succeeded in building a weapon.^[41] After ties were restored, Gaddafi tried to buy a nuclear weapon from India, but instead, India and Libya agreed for a peaceful use of nuclear energy, in line with India's "atoms for peace" policy.^[42]
Several people around the world were indicted for assisting Gaddafi in his chemical weapons programs. Thailand reported its citizens had helped build a storage facilities for nerve gas. Germany sentenced a businessman, Jurgen Hippenstiel-Imhausen, to five years in prison for involvement in Libyan chemical weapons.^[41]^[43]
Inspectors from the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) verified in 2004 that Libya owned a stockpile of 23 metric tons of mustard gas and more than 1,300 metric tons of precursor chemicals. Disposing such large quantities of chemical weapons was expected to be expensive.^[44]

Idi Amin and other allies

Assassinations of prominent critics

It is the Libyan people's responsibility to liquidate such scums who are distorting Libya's image abroad.
—Gaddafi talking about exiles in 1982.^[48]

Gaddafi employed his network of diplomats and recruits to assassinate dozens of his critics around the world. Amnesty International listed at least 25 assassinations between 1980 and 1987.^[16]^[49]
Gaddafi's agents were active in the United Kingdom, where many Libyans had sought asylum. After Libyan diplomats shot at ten anti-Gaddafi protesters and killed a British policewoman, the United Kingdom broke off relations with Gaddafi's regime.
In 1980, a Libyan agent attempted to assassinate dissident Faisal Zagallai, a doctoral student at the University of Colorado, Boulder. The bullets left Zagallai partially blinded.^[50] A defector was kidnapped and executed in 1990 just before he was about to receive U.S. citizenship.^[16]
Gaddafi asserted in June 1984 that killings could be carried out even when the dissidents were on pilgrimage in the holy city of Mecca. In August 1984, one Libyan plot was thwarted in Mecca.^[48]
As of 2004, Libya still provides bounties for heads of critics, including 1 million dollars for Ashur Shamis, a Libyan-British journalist.^[51]

Violence around the world

In 1971 Gaddafi warned that if France opposed Libyan military occupation of Chad, he would use all weapons in the war against France including the "revolutionary weapon".^[48]
On 11 June 1972, Gaddafi announced that any Arab wishing to volunteer for Palestinian terrorist groups "can register his name at any Libyan embassy will be given adequate training for combat". He also promised financial support for attacks.^[52]^[53]^[54]
On 7 October 1972, Gaddafi praised the Lod Airport massacre, carried out by the Japanese Red Army, and demanded Palestinian terrorist groups to carry out similar attacks.^[52]
Reportedly, Gaddafi was a major financier of the "Black September Movement" which perpetrated the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
In 1973 the Irish Naval Service intercepted the vessel Claudia in Irish territorial waters, which carried Soviet arms from Libya to the Provisional IRA.^[55]^[56]
In 1976 after a series of terror attacks by the Provisional IRA, Gaddafi announced that "the bombs which are convulsing Britain and breaking its spirit are the bombs of Libyan people. We have sent them to the Irish revolutionaries so that the British will pay the price for their past deeds".^[52]
In the Philippines, Libya has backed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in the Philippines, which continues to terrorize and murder people in the name of establishing a separatist Islamic state in the southern Philippines.^[57]^[58] Libya has also supported the New People's Army^[57] and Libyan agents were seen meeting with the Communist Party of the Philippines.^[59] Islamist terrorist group Abu Sayyaf has also been suspected of receiving Libyan funding.^[60] In 2002 he paid a ransom reportedly worth tens of millions of dollars to Abu Sayyaf to release a a number of kidnapped tourists. He presented it as an act of goodwill to Western countries; nevertheless the money helped the terrorist group to expand its operation.^[16]
Gaddafi also became a strong supporter of the Palestine Liberation Organization, which support ultimately harmed Libya's relations with Egypt, when in 1979 Egypt pursued a peace agreement with Israel. As Libya's relations with Egypt worsened, Gaddafi sought closer relations with the Soviet Union. Libya became the first country outside the Soviet bloc to receive the supersonic MiG-25 combat fighters, but Soviet-Libyan relations remained relatively distant. Gaddafi also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa.
In the 1970s and the 1980s, this support was sometimes so freely given that even the most unsympathetic groups could obtain Libyan support; often the groups represented ideologies far removed from Gaddafi's own. Gaddafi's approach often tended to confuse international opinion.
In 1981 Gaddafi was found talking about assassinating new American president Ronald Reagan. In October 1981 Egypt's President Anwar Sadat was assassinated. Gaddafi applauded the murder and remarked that it was a punishment.^[61]
American President Ronald Reagan dubbed Gaddafi the "mad dog of the Middle East". In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US passports for travel to Libya, and in March 1982, the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyan oil.^[62]
In 1984 Gaddafi started plotting terrorist acts inside the U.S. One of the leading groups receiving Gaddafi's money was the Nation of Islam.^[63] Al-Rakr, another Libyan-financed gang in Chicago, declared in 1984 that it was preparing for a "race war" to "settle scores with whites". Members of the gang were arrested in 1986 for preparations to bomb government buildings and bring down American planes.^[63] Gaddafi reportedly spent hundreds of millions in Latin America.^[64]
In April 1984, Libyan refugees in London protested against execution of two dissidents. Communications intercepted by MI5 show that Tripoli ordered its diplomats to direct violence against the demonstrators. Libyan diplomats shot at 11 people and killed British policewoman Yvonne Fletcher. The incident led to the breaking off of diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Libya for over a decade.^[65]
After December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks, which killed 19 and wounded around 140, Gaddafi indicated that he would continue to support the Red Army Faction, the Red Brigades, and the Irish Republican Army as long as European countries support anti-Gaddafi Libyans.^[59] The Foreign Minister of Libya also called the massacres "heroic acts".^[66]
In 1986 Libyan state television announced that Libya was training suicide squads to attack American and European interests.^[67]
Gaddafi claimed the Gulf of Sidra as his territorial water and his navy was involved in a conflict from January to March 1986.
On 5 April 1986, Libyan agents bombed "La Belle" nightclub in West Berlin, killing three people and injuring 229 people who were spending evening there. Gaddafi's plan was intercepted by Western intelligence. More detailed information was retrieved years later when Stasi archives were investigated by the reunited Germany. Libyan agents who had carried out the operation from the Libyan embassy in East Germany were prosecuted by reunited Germany in the 1990s.^[68]
Germany and the United States learned that the bombing in West Berlin had been ordered from Tripoli. On 14 April 1986, the United States carried out Operation El Dorado Canyon against Gaddafi and members of his regime. Air defenses, three army bases, and two airfields in Tripoli and Benghazi were bombed. The surgical strikes failed to kill Gaddafi but he lost a few dozen military officers. Gaddafi then spread propaganda how it had killed his "adopted daughter" and how victims had been all "civilians". The campaign was successful as large portions of the Western press reported the regime's stories as facts.^[2]^[69]
Gaddafi announced that he had won a spectacular military victory over the United States and the country was officially renamed the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah".^[48] However, his speech appeared devoid passion and even the "victory" celebrations appeared unusual. Criticism of Gaddafi by ordinary Libyan citizens became more bold, such as defacing of Gaddafi posters.^[48] The raids against Libyan military had brought the regime to its the weakest point in 17 years.^[48]
Many Western European countries took action against Libyan terror and other activities following years.
In May 1987, Australia deported diplomats and broke off relations with Libya because Gaddafi's agents had fueled paramilitaries in the Oceania.^[49]^[57]
In late 1987 French authorities stopped a merchant vessel, the MV Eksund, which was delivering a 150 ton Libyan arms shipment to European terrorist groups.
It has also been suspected that Gaddafi was exporting weapons to the Marxist-Leninist FARC group in Colombia.
Gaddafi trained and supported Charles Taylor, who was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the conflict in Sierra Leone.^[70]

After 1991

The Revolutions of 1989 led to the disappearance of many allies. For most of the 1990s, Libya was under economic and diplomatic sanctions as a result of Gaddafi's refusal to allow the extradition to the United States or Britain of two Libyans accused of planting a bomb on Pan Am Flight 103, which came down on Lockerbie, Scotland. Through the intercession of South African President Nelson Mandela – who made a high-profile visit to Gaddafi in 1997 – and UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, Gaddafi agreed in 1999 to a compromise that involved handing over the defendants to the Netherlands for trial under Scots law.^[71] UN sanctions were thereupon suspended, but U.S. sanctions against Libya remained in force.
An alleged plot by Britain's Secret Intelligence Service to assassinate Colonel Gaddafi, when rebels attacked Gaddafi's motorcade near the city of Sirte in February 1996, was described as "pure fantasy" by former foreign secretary Robin Cook, although the FCO later admitted: "We have never denied that we knew of plots against Gaddafi."^[72]

Gaddafi with Serbian President Boris Tadić

After diplomatic negotiations held through the countries various secret services, led by Stephen Kappes of the CIA and Sir Mark Allen of MI6,^[73] in August 2003, two years after Abdelbaset al-Megrahi's conviction, Libya wrote to the United Nations formally accepting 'responsibility for the actions of its officials' in respect of the Lockerbie bombing and agreed to pay compensation of up to US$2.7 billion – or up to US$10 million each – to the families of the 270 victims. The same month, Britain and Bulgaria co-sponsored a UN resolution which removed the suspended sanctions. (Bulgaria's involvement in tabling this motion led to suggestions that there was a link with the HIV trial in Libya in which 5 Bulgarian nurses, working at a Benghazi hospital, were accused in 1998 of infecting 426 Libyan children with HIV.)^[74] Forty percent of the compensation was then paid to each family, and a further 40% followed once U.S. sanctions were removed. Because the U.S. refused to take Libya off its list of state sponsors of terrorism, Libya retained the last 20% ($540 million) of the $2.7 billion compensation package. In October 2008 Libya paid $1.5 billion into a fund which will be used to compensate relatives of the

Lockerbie bombing victims with the remaining 20%;
American victims of the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing;
American victims of the 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing; and,
Libyan victims of the 1986 US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi.

In exchange, President Bush signed Executive Order 13477 restoring the Libyan government's immunity from terror-related lawsuits and dismissing all of the pending compensation cases in the US, the White House said.^[75]
On 28 June 2007, Megrahi was granted the right to a second appeal against the Lockerbie bombing conviction.^[76] One month later, the Bulgarian medics were released from jail in Libya. They returned home to Bulgaria and were pardoned by Bulgarian president, Georgi Parvanov.

Gaddafi with then-President of Russia Vladimir Putin in 2008

In September 2008, U.S. Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice became the first Secretary of State to visited Libya since 1953 and said about the visit; "It demonstrates that when countries are prepared to make strategic changes in direction, the United States is prepared to respond."^[77]
Gaddafi's 2009 welcome to the return of convicted Lockerbie bomber Megrahi, who was released from prison on compassionate grounds, attracted criticism from Western leaders^[78]^[79]^[80] and has disrupted his first-ever visit to the United States to attend a UN General Session. Gaddafi often resides in a tent when travelling.^[81] His plans to erect a tent in Central Park and on Libyan government property in Englewood, New Jersey during Gaddafi's stay at the UN were both protested by community leaders and subsequently cancelled by Gaddafi.^[82]^[83]^[84] His tent was moved to an estate belonging to Donald Trump in Bedford, until the local government issued a work stop order, claiming the tent needed a permit, and Trump told him to go elsewhere.^[85]^[86]
Gaddafi and Vladimir Putin have reportedly talked about establishing a Russian military base in Libya.^[87]
23 September 2009 marked Gaddafi's first appearance at the United Nations General Assembly where he addressed world leaders at the annual gathering in New York. The Libyan leader while demanding representation for the African Union, used the occasion to scold the United Nations structure saying the 15-member body practised “security feudalism” for those who had a protected seat.^[88] The Libyan leader's appearance at the United Nations generated demonstrations both for and against Gaddafi.^[89]

Support for Slobodan Milošević

Gaddafi had close ties with Slobodan Milošević. Gaddafi aligned himself with the Orthodox Serbs against Bosnia's and Kosovo's Muslims. Gaddafi supported Milošević even when other countries accused Milošević of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo.^[90]^[91]^[92]

Public image campaign

"In his four decades as Libya's 'Brother Leader', Colonel Muammar Gaddafi has gone from being the epitome of revolutionary chic to an eccentric statesman with entirely benign relations with the West."
— David Blair, diplomatic editor for The Daily Telegraph^[14]

Gaddafi also appeared to be attempting to improve his image in the West. Two years^[when?] prior to the 11 September attacks, Libya pledged^{[citation needed]} its commitment to fighting al-Qaeda and offered to open up its weapons programme to international inspection. Neither the Clinton^{[citation needed]} nor Bush^{[citation needed]} administrations pursued the offer at the time since Libya's weapons program was not then regarded as a threat, and the matter of handing over the Lockerbie bombing suspects took priority. Following the attacks of 11 September, Gaddafi made one of the first, and firmest, denunciations of the Al-Qaeda bombers by any Muslim leader.^{[citation needed]} Gaddafi also appeared on ABC for an open interview with George Stephanopoulos, a move that would have seemed unthinkable less than a decade earlier.^{[citation needed]}
Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein by US forces in 2003, Gaddafi announced that his nation had an active weapons of mass destruction program, but was willing to allow international inspectors into his country to observe and dismantle them. US President George W. Bush and other supporters of the Iraq War portrayed Gaddafi's announcement as a direct consequence of the Iraq War by stating that Gaddafi acted out of fear for the future of his own regime if he continued to keep and conceal his weapons. Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi, a supporter of the Iraq War, was quoted as saying that Gaddafi had privately phoned him, admitting as much. Many foreign policy experts, however, contend that Gaddafi's announcement was merely a continuation of his prior attempts at normalizing relations with the West and getting the sanctions removed. To support this, they point to the fact that Libya had already made similar offers starting four years prior to it finally being accepted.^[93]^[94] International inspectors turned up several tons of chemical weaponry in Libya, as well as an active nuclear weapons program. As the process of destroying these weapons continued, Libya improved its cooperation with international monitoring regimes to the extent that, by March 2006, France was able to conclude an agreement with Libya to develop a significant nuclear power program.

Gaddafi and Brazilian President Lula at the 1st Africa-South America Summit (ASAS) conference in Abuja, Nigeria in November 2006.

In March 2004, British PM Tony Blair became one of the first Western leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet Gaddafi. Blair praised Gaddafi's recent acts, and stated that he hoped Libya could now be a strong ally in the international War on Terror. In the run-up to Blair's visit, the British ambassador in Tripoli, Anthony Layden, explained Libya's and Gaddafi's political change thus:

"35 years of total state control of the economy has left them in a situation where they're simply not generating enough economic activity to give employment to the young people who are streaming through their successful education system. I think this dilemma goes to the heart of Colonel Gaddafi's decision that he needed a radical change of direction."^[95]

On 15 May 2006, the US State Department announced that it would restore full diplomatic relations with Libya, once Gaddafi declared he was abandoning Libya's weapons of mass destruction program. The State Department also said that Libya would be removed from the list of nations supporting terrorism.^[96] On 31 August 2006, however, Gaddafi openly called upon his supporters to "kill enemies" of his revolution and anyone who asks for political change within Libya.^[97]
In July 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy visited Libya and signed a number of bilateral and multilateral (EU) agreements with Gaddafi.^[98]
On 4 March 2008 Gaddafi announced his intention to dissolve the country's existing administrative structure and disburse oil revenue directly to the people. The plan includes abolishing all ministries, except those of defence, internal security, and foreign affairs, and departments implementing strategic projects.^[99]
In June 2008, Gaddafi strongly criticised US presidential candidate Barack Obama for saying Jerusalem should remain the undivided capital of Israel, "The statements of our Kenyan brother of American nationality, Obama, on Jerusalem ... show that he either ignores international politics and did not study the Middle East conflict or that it is a campaign lie."^[100]
In September 2008, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Libya and met with Gaddafi as part of a North African tour. This was the first visit to Libya by a US Secretary of State since 1953.^[101]
In January 2009, Gaddafi contributed an editorial to The New York Times, suggesting that he was in favor of a single-state solution to the Israeli and Palestinian conflicts that moved beyond old conflicts and looked to a unified future of shared culture and mutual respect.^[102]

Cooperation with Italy

On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi signed a landmark cooperation treaty in Benghazi.^[103]^[104]^[105] Under its terms, Italy will pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya will take measures to combat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italian companies.^[104]^[106] The treaty was ratified by Italy on 6 February 2009,^[103] and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to Tripoli by Berlusconi.^[104]^[107] In June Gaddafi made his first visit to Rome, where he met Prime Minister Berlusconi, President Giorgio Napolitano and Senate President Renato Schifani; Chamber President Gianfranco Fini cancelled the meeting because of Gaddafi's delay.^[104] The Democratic Party and Italy of Values opposed the visit,^[108]^[109] and many protests were staged throughout Italy by human rights organizations and the Italian Radicals.^[110] Gaddafi also took part in the G8 summit in L'Aquila in July as Chairman of the African Union.^[104] During the summit a handshake between US President Barack Obama and Muammar Gaddafi marked the first time the Libyan leader had been greeted by a serving US president.^[111] Then at the official dinner offered by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano, Berlusconi, the Italian Prime Minister and G8 host, overturned protocol at the last moment by having Gaddafi sit next to him (just two places away from President Obama, seated on Berlusconi's right).^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115]^[116]
During a two-day visit to Italy in August 2010 Gaddafi upset his hosts by stating that Europe should convert to Islam. It was during a lecture in front of 200 young women whom Gaddafi had paid a modeling agency to attend that he urged the women to convert to Islam and, according to one of them, said "Islam should become the religion of all of Europe." Each of the women was given a copy of the Qur'an.^[117] Gaddafi, in a speech that aired on Al-Jazeera TV on 10 April 2006, said: "There are signs that Allah will grant Islam victory in Europe – without swords, without guns, without conquests. The 50 million Muslims of Europe will turn it into a Muslim continent within a few decades."^[118]^[119]

Expulsion of Palestinians from Libya

In 1995, Gaddafi expelled some 30,000 Palestinians living in Libya, in response to the peace negotiations that had commenced between Israel and the PLO.^[120]

Controversial views on diseases

Support for Omar al-Beshir

After the International Criminal Court (ICC) filed international arrest warrant for Sudan's President Omar al-Beshir in connection to the Darfur genocide, Gaddafi complained that the ICC represents a "new form of world terrorism" that wants to recolonise developing countries.^[122]

Pan-Africanism

This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (February 2011)

Gaddafi has also emerged as a controversial African leader. As one of the continent's longest-serving post-colonial heads of state, the Libyan leader enjoys a reputation among many Africans as a maverick statesman. In February 2009, upon being elected chairman of the African Union in Ethiopia, Gaddafi told the assembled African leaders: "I shall continue to insist that our sovereign countries work to achieve the United States of Africa."^[123] Gaddafi is also seen by many Africans as a humanitarian, pouring large amounts of money into sub-Saharan states. Large numbers of Africans have come to Libya to take advantage of the availability of jobs there, despite the weak private sector.
His views on African political and military unification have received a relatively lukewarm response from other African governments. On 29 August 2008, Gaddafi held a public ceremony in Benghazi in the presence of over 200 African traditional rulers and kings, in which he proclaimed himself to be "King of Kings of Africa" as part of a grassroots effort to encourage African heads of state and government to join with Gaddafi toward a greater political cohesion.^[124] This event was followed on 1 February 2009 by a coronation ceremony in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to coincide with the 53rd African Union Summit, at which he was elected head of the African Union for the year.^[125] His January 2009 forum for African kings, however, was cancelled by the Ugandan government (Uganda was to host the forum), since the invitation of traditional rulers to discussion of political affairs contravened Uganda's current constitution, and according to Ugandan foreign ministry spokesperson James Mugume, could have led to instability.^[126]
The title of "King of Kings" was reiterated by Gaddafi at the 2009 Arab League Summit, at which he claimed to be the King of Kings, "leader of the Arab leaders" and "imam of the Muslims" in his criticism of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia prior to storming out of the summit.^[127]
Notwithstanding his claims of concern for his African roots, Gaddafi has often expressed an overt contempt for the Berbers, a non-Arab people of North Africa, and for their language, maintaining that the very existence of Berbers in North Africa is a myth created by colonialists. He adopted several measures forbidding the use of Berber, and often attacks this language in official speeches, with statements like: "If your mother transmits you this language, she nourishes you with the milk of the colonialist, she feeds you their poison" (1985).^[128]^{[dead link]}
Gaddafi has defended the actions of Somalian pirates, "It is a response to greedy Western nations, who invade and exploit Somalia’s water resources illegally. It is not a piracy, it is self defence... If they (Western nations) do not want to live with us fairly, it is our planet and they can go to other planet."^[129]

UN General Assembly speech

On 23 September 2009, Colonel Gaddafi addressed the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, his first visit to the United States, in part because a Libyan diplomat, Ali Treki, has just become president of the General Assembly for 2009–10.^[130] Gaddafi spoke for one hour and 36 minutes.^[131] A translation of the speech courtesy of Jamahiriya News Agency (JANA) the official Libyan news agency, is available on the internet.^[132]
Gaddafi spoke in favor of the preamble to the United Nations Charter, but rejected several provisions of the rest of the Charter; and criticized the United Nations for failing to prevent 65 wars, and invited the General Assembly to investigate the wars that the Security Council had not authorized, and for those responsible to be brought before the International Criminal Court. He also defended the Taliban and Somali Pirates. He also claimed that a foreign military was responsible for the H1N1 outbreak, accused Israel of assassinating John F. Kennedy, and called for a one-state solution for Palestine and Israel, and referred to Barack Obama as "son of Africa".^[133]
Following Colonel Gaddafi's speech, in which he criticized the UN Security Council (UNSC) calling it the "Terror Council",^[134] Gaddafi failed to attend a special Security Council heads-of-state meeting on 24 September 2009, when a resolution calling for a reduction in the number of nuclear weapons was passed unanimously.^[135]

Indictment for a disappearance

In August 1978, the Lebanese Shia leader Musa al-Sadr and two companions departed for Libya to meet with government officials. They were never heard from again. At the time, Musa al-Sadr founded Amal Movement, a liberal-Shia Lebanese resistance movement (which later went on to oppose the Israeli invasion of Lebanon). However Amal Movement became powerful much to the annoyance of the PLO which was based primarily in south Lebanon. Libya has consistently denied responsibility, claiming that al-Sadr and his companions left Libya for Italy. Some others have reported that he remains secretly in jail in Libya. Al-Sadr's disappearance continues to be a major dispute between Lebanon and Libya. Lebanese Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri claimed that the Libyan regime, and particularly the Libyan leader, were responsible for the disappearance of Imam Musa Sadr, London-based Asharq Al-Awsat, a Saudi-run pan-Arab daily reported on 27 August 2006.
According to Iranian General Mansour Qadar, the then head of Syrian security, Rifaat al-Assad, told the Iranian ambassador to Syria that Gaddafi was planning to kill al-Sadr. On 27 August 2008, Gaddafi was indicted in Lebanon for al-Sadr's disappearance.^[136]

Alliance with Hugo Chávez

Gaddafi developed a friendship with Hugo Chávez; in March 2009 Libya named a stadium after the Venezuelan leader.^[137]
In September 2009, at the Second Africa-South America Summit on Isla Margarita in Venezuela, Colonel Gaddafi joined the host, Chávez, in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front way across Africa and Latin America. Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO, saying: "The world’s powers want to continue to hold on to their power. Now we have to fight to build our own power."^[138]

2011 uprising

Main article: 2011 Libyan uprising

On 17 February 2011, major political protests (inspired^{[citation needed]} by recent similar events in Tunisia, Egypt, and elsewhere in the Arab world) were called to begin in Libya against Gaddafi's government. During the following week, these protests continued to gain significantly in momentum and size despite stiff resistance from the Gaddafi regime. Unlike the former leaders of Tunisia and Egypt, Gaddafi has vowed to "fight to the death" in defense of his leadership of the country, and has responded to the unrest with large scale and violent military and police crackdowns in the cities of Benghazi and Tripoli, which include the use of artillery and warplanes against protesters.^{[citation needed]} According to RT (TV network) -citing sources from the Russian military- "Airstrikes in Libya did not take place".^[139] By late February, the country appeared to be rapidly descending into chaos as a 'credible' death toll is reported to now be approaching 1,000.^[140]
Gaddafi is reported to have imported foreign mercenaries to defend his regime, and large swaths of the country, particularly in Eastern Libya, are reported to have fallen into the hands of anti-Gaddafi elements.^[141] According to other sources "It is a myth that the Africans fighting to defend the Jamahiriya and Muammar Qaddafi are mercenaries being paid a few dollars."^[142] Former top officials, including Gaddafi's former "number two" man, Interior Minister General Abdel Fattah Younes al-Abidi, the former justice minister Mustafa Abdel-Jalil (who became the head of the new interim government in Benghazi), and several key ambassadors and diplomats have resigned their posts in protest over Gaddafi's heavy handed response to the demonstrators. General Al-Abidi has issued a plea to whatever military personnel may still feel some loyalty towards Gaddafi to "join the people in the intifada." Already, he said, "many members" of the security forces had defected, including those in the capital, Tripoli.^[143]
German Chancellor Angela Merkel said she considered Gaddafi's Tuesday speech as the equivalent of "him declaring war on his own people".^[140]
In connection with the Libyan uprising, Gadaffi's attempts to favorably influence public opinion in Europe and the United States came under increased scrutiny.

Main article: LSE Libya Links

People cooperating with Gaddafi

Further information: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 and Gaddafi regime#2011_uprising

Gaddafi's influential Defense Minister resigned because he did not wish to order to shoot Libyans. Gaddafi reportedly has jailed him.^[144]
The Khamis Brigade is an important asset for Gaddafi and has been killing rebelling civilians. It is led by Khamis Gaddafi, one of Gaddafi's sons who was trained in Libya and Russia. The brigade it is the best-equipped unit of the military. Gaddafi also relies heavily on two generals from his own tribe, Sayed Qaddaf Eddam and Ahmed Qaddaf Eddam.^[144] Gaddafi is reportedly paying Ghanaian mercenaries as much as 2,500 US dollars per day for their services. Advertisements for mercenaries have appeared in Nigerian newspapers.^[144]
A Serbian newspaper reported that Serbian mercenaries were among the first to kill protesting civilians.^[145] Reports from Libya have confirmed the current presence of Ukrainian and Serbian mercenaries.^[146] A Libyan economist has claimed^[who?] that Serbian pilots are flying the planes that bomb protesting civilians because Libyan pilots refuse to do so.^[147] Gaddafi also used Serbian fighters when he put down a civilian uprising in the 1990s.^[148]^[149]
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute has reported that in the middle of February a Libyan transport plane visited a Belarussian military base that handles stockpiled weaponry and military equipment.^[150]

Prosecution for massacres

The United Nations has referred the massacres of unarmed civilians to the International Criminal Court.^[151]
The international community^{[citation needed]} has warned that anyone giving or executing orders to kill civilians will be prosecuted for the crimes.

Libyan opposition

Main article: Libyan opposition

In October 1993, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Gaddafi by elements of the Libyan army. On 14 July 1996, a football match in Tripoli, organised by his son, was followed by bloody riots as a protest against Gaddafi.
There are a number of political groups opposed to Gaddafi:

A website, actively seeking his overthrow, was set up in 2006 and lists 343 victims of murder and political assassination.^[152]
The Libyan League for Human Rights – based in Geneva – petitioned Gaddafi to set up an independent inquiry into the February 2006 unrest in Benghazi in which some 30 Libyans and foreigners were killed.
Fathi Eljahmi was a prominent dissident who was imprisoned from 2002 until his death in 2009 for calling for increased democratization in Libya.
As of February 2011, as part of the 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests, the 2011 Libyan uprising are ongoing, and have become a mass uprising against Gaddafi, who has lost control of some parts of the country. Gaddafi's opponents have accused him of using foreign mercenaries to bolster his regime. Gaddafi's former justice minister, Mustafa Abdel-Jalil, has told the Swedish newspaper Expressen that he has evidence that Gaddafi had personally ordered the Lockerbie bombing of 1988.

Personal life and family

He is married to Safia Farkash, nee el-Brasai, former nurse from Al Bayda, who is his second wife.^[153]^[154]^[155] Gaddafi has eight biological children, seven of them sons. He has also adopted two children, Hanna^{[dubious – discuss]} and Milad.^[156]^[157]

Moatessem-Billal al-Gaddafi with Hillary Clinton, Treaty Room, Washington, DC, 21 April 2009

His eldest son, Muhammad al-Gaddafi, was born to a wife now in disfavour, but runs the Libyan Olympic Committee.^[153]
The next eldest son, by his second wife Safia, is Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi, who was born in 1972 and is an architect. He runs a charity (GIFCA) which has been involved in negotiating freedom for hostages taken by Islamic militants, especially in the Philippines. In 2006, after sharply criticizing his father's regime, Saif Al-Islam briefly left Libya, reportedly to take on a position in banking outside of the country. He returned to Libya soon after, launching an environment-friendly initiative to teach children how they can help clean up parts of Libya. He is involved in compensation negotiations with Italy and the United States.
The third eldest, Al-Saadi al-Gaddafi, is married to the daughter of a military commander. Saadi runs the Libyan Football Federation and signed for various professional teams including Italian Serie A team U.C. Sampdoria, although without appearing in first team games.
Gaddafi's fourth son, Al-Mu'tasim-Billah al-Gaddafi, was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Libyan Army. He now serves as Libya's National Security Advisor, in which capacity he oversees the nation's National Security Council. His name مُعْتَصِمٌ (بِٱللّٰهِ) /muʿtaṣimu-n (bi l–lāhi)/ can be latinized as Mutassim, Moatessem or Moatessem-Billah. Saif Al-Islam and Moatessem-Billah are both seen as possible successors to their father.^{[citation needed]}
The fifth eldest, Hannibal Muammar al-Gaddafi, once worked for General National Maritime Transport Company, a company that specializes in Libyan oil exports. He is most notable for being involved in a series of violent incidents throughout Europe. In 2001, Hannibal attacked three Italian policemen with a fire extinguisher; in September 2004, he was briefly detained in Paris after driving a Porsche at 140 kilometres per hour (90 mph) in the wrong direction and through red lights down the Champs-Élysées while intoxicated; and in 2005, Hannibal in Paris allegedly beat model and then-girlfriend Aline Skaf, who later filed an assault suit against him.^[158] He was fined and given a four month suspended prison sentence after this incident. In December 2009 police were called to Claridge's hotel in London after staff heard a scream from Hannibal's room. Aline Skaf, now his wife, was found to have suffered facial injuries including a broken nose, but charges were not pressed after she maintained she had sustained the injuries in a fall.^[159] On 15 July 2008, Hannibal and his wife were held for two days and charged with assaulting two of their staff in Geneva, Switzerland and then released on bail on 17 July. The government of Libya subsequently put a boycott on Swiss imports, reduced flights between Libya and Switzerland, stopped issuing visas to Swiss citizens, recalled diplomats from Bern, and forced all Swiss companies such as ABB and Nestlé to close offices. General National Maritime Transport Company, which owns a large refinery in Switzerland, also halted oil shipments to Switzerland.^[160] Two Swiss businessmen who were in Libya at the time have, ever since, been denied permission to leave the country, and even held hostage for some time.^[161] (see Switzerland-Libya conflict). At the 35th G8 summit in July 2009, Gaddafi called Switzerland a "world mafia" and called for the country to be split between France, Germany and Italy.^[162]
Gaddafi's two youngest sons are Saif Al Arab (his name means "the sword of the Arabs") and Khamis. Khamis is a police officer in Libya.
Gaddafi's only daughter is Ayesha al-Gaddafi, a lawyer who had joined the defense teams of executed former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein and Iraqi journalist Muntadhar al-Zaidi.^[153] She married a cousin of her father in 2006.
After the United States bombed several Libyan military airbases and barracks that had been used in supporting terrorism in Europe and elsewhere, the regime's media claimed that Gaddafi's "adopted daughter" had been killed. The name "Hanna" was given to the press. Nobody had ever heard of such daughter. Information about her also conflicted, for example, her age varying from 12 months to 6 years. Despite absurdity and variations of the stories, the campaign was so successful that a large proportion of the Western press reported the regime's stories as facts.^[163]^[164] In 2006 Gaddafi hired international artists to honor the claimed family member.^[165]
His adopted son, Milad Abuztaia al-Gaddafi is also his nephew. Milad is credited with saving Gaddafi's life during the April 1986 bombing of the Gaddafi compound.
Gaddafi's brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi‎, who is married to his wife's sister, is believed to be his head of military intelligence.^[166]

The family's main residence is on the Bab al-Azizia military barracks, located in the southern suburbs of Tripoli.
Gaddafi holds an honorary degree from Megatrend University in Belgrade conferred on him by former Yugoslav President Zoran Lilić.^[167]
Muammar Gaddafi fears flying over water, prefers staying on the ground floor and almost never travels without his trusted Ukrainian nurse Galyna Kolotnytska, a “voluptuous blonde,” according to a US document released by WikiLeaks late 2010. Galyna's daughter has denied the suggestion that the relationship is anything but professional.^[168]

Gaddafi family's wealth

Until the uprising in 2011, the Gaddafi family held vast amounts of wealth outside Libya as well as full control of the Libyan economy. The main vehicle for the Gaddafi's wealth is the $70 billion Libyan Investment Authority (LIA). Gaddafi's sons, Saif, Muatassim and Hannibal were accustomed to live in luxury in the West, circulating with other rich people and gaining honour by giving money to causes that they supported. The London School of Economics was a beneficiary of this. Many British companies have gained a foothold in the lucrative Libyan market by building relationships with the Gaddafi family.
Italian companies also have a strong foothold in Libya. A quarter of Libya's oil and 15 per cent of its natural gas goes to Italy. The LIA owns significant shares in Italy's Eni oil corporation, Fiat, Unicredit bank and Finmeccanica.^[169] In January 2002, Gaddafi purchased a 7.5% share of Italian football club Juventus for USD 21 million, through Lafico ("Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company"). This followed a long-standing association with the Italian industrialist Gianni Agnelli and car manufacturer Fiat.^[170]
The family also hold important investments in Zimbabwe, Chad, Sudan, Sierra Leone and Liberia.
On 25 February 2011 it was announced that Britain's Treasury had set up a specialised unit to trace Gaddafi's assets in Britain.^[169]

Name

Because of the lack of standardization of transliterating written and regionally pronounced Arabic, Gaddafi's name has been romanized in many different ways. Even though the Arabic spelling of a word does not change, the pronunciation may vary in different varieties of Arabic, which may cause a different romanization. In literary Arabic the name معمر القذافي can be pronounced /muˈʕamːaru lqaðˈðaːfiː/. [ʕ] represents a voiced pharyngeal fricative (ع). Geminated consonants can be simplified. In Libyan Arabic, /q/ (ق) may be replaced with [ɡ] or [k] (or even [χ]); and /ð/ (ذ) (as "th" in "this") may be replaced with [d] or [t]. Vowel [u] often alternates with [o] in pronunciation. Thus, /muˈʕamːar alqaðˈðaːfiː/ is normally pronounced in Libyan Arabic [muˈʕæmːɑrˤ əlɡædˈdæːfi]. The definite article al- (ال) is often omitted.
"Muammar Gaddafi" is the spelling used by TIME magazine, BBC News, the majority of the British press and by the English service of Al-Jazeera.^[171] The Associated Press, MSNBC, CNN, and Fox News use "Moammar Gadhafi". The Library of Congress uses "Qaddafi, Muammar" as the primary name. The Edinburgh Middle East Report uses "Mu'ammar Qaddafi" and the U.S. Department of State uses "Mu'ammar Al-Qadhafi", although the White House chooses to use "Muammar el-Qaddafi".^[172] The Xinhua News Agency uses "Muammar Khaddafi" in its English reports.^[173] The New York Times uses Muammar el-Qaddafi. The Los Angeles Times uses Moammar Kadafi.^[174]
In 1986, Gaddafi reportedly responded to a Minnesota school's letter in English using the spelling "Moammar El-Gadhafi".^[175] The title of the homepage of algathafi.org reads "Welcome to the official site of Muammar Al Gathafi".^[176]
An article published in the London Evening Standard in 2004 lists a total of 37 spellings of his name, while a 1986 column by The Straight Dope quotes a list of 32 spellings known at the Library of Congress.^[177] ABC made a post on its blog identifying 112 possible spellings.^[178] This extensive confusion of naming was used as the subject of a segment of Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update on 12 December 1981.^[179]
In short, the alternative spellings for each part of his name are shown in brackets:
${\color{OliveGreen}M \begin{cases}u\\o\end{cases} \begin{cases}\varnothing\\'\end{cases} a \begin{cases}mm\\m\end{cases} \begin{cases}a\\e\end{cases} r} ~~~~ {\color{MidnightBlue}\begin{cases}al\\el\\Al\\El\\\varnothing\end{cases} \begin{cases}-\\\textvisiblespace\\\varnothing\end{cases}} {\color{RedViolet}\begin{cases}Q\\G\\Gh\\K\\Kh\end{cases} \begin{cases}a\\e\\u\end{cases} \begin{cases}d\\dh\\dd\\ddh\\dhdh\\dth\\th\\zz\end{cases} a \begin{cases}f\\f\!f\end{cases} \begin{cases}i\\y\end{cases}}$ However, not all are possible, as some alternatives are most probably combined with others, or even impossible with other (for example, simplification of geminated [m:] usually implies simplification of [a:]).

Postage stamps

The Libyan Posts (GPTC General Posts and Telecommunications Company) released many postage issues (stamps, souvenir sheets, postal stationery, booklets, etc.) including the subject of Muammar al-Gaddafi. The first issue was a souvenir sheet celebrating the 6th Anniversary of the September Revolution in 1975 (ref. Scott catalogue n.583 – Michel catalogue block 18).^[180]

Public works projects

The Great Manmade River is a network of pipes that supplies 6,500,000 m³ of fresh water per day from beneath the Sahara Desert, from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System fossil aquifer, to the cities in the north of Libya, including Tripoli, Benghazi and Sirt.^[181] The project consists of more than 1,300 wells, most more than 500 m deep. Muammar al-Gaddafi has described it as the "Eighth Wonder of the World" and presented the project as a gift to the Third World.^{[citation needed]}
The Libyan National Telescope Project, costing nearly 10 million euros, was ordered by Muammar al-Gaddafi, who has a passionate interest in astronomy. The robotic telescope, which will be two metres in diameter and remote-controlled, will be built by France's REOSC,^[182] the optical department of the SAGEM Group. It will be housed in an air-conditioned building, with a network of four weather stations deployed at a distance of 10 kilometers around it to warn of impending sandstorms that could damage its fragile optics.^[183] A desert site at 2200 meters above sea level near Kufra may be chosen as the location for the observatory, which will be North Africa's largest astronomical observatory.

Bodyguards

Gaddafi's choice of bodyguards has been the subject of much media attention. His 40-member bodyguard contingent, known as the Amazonian Guard, is entirely female. All women who qualify for duty supposedly must be virgins, and are hand-picked by Gaddafi himself. They are trained in the use of firearms and martial arts at a special academy before entering service.

Books and other writings

In addition to The Green Book (1975), Gaddafi has authored other works, including:

Escape to Hell and Other Stories (1998)
"The One-State Solution", an op-ed piece which appeared in the The New York Times in 2009^[184]

References

^ Oxford Dictionary of Political Biography
^ ^a ^b ^c Salak, Kira. "National Geographic article about Libya". National Geographic Adventure. http://www.kirasalak.com/Libya.html.
^ Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010, p. 279 n. 2
^ US Department of State's Background Notes, (November 2005) "Libya – History", United States Department of State. Retrieved on 14 July 2006.
^ "Gaddafi's Dutch millions | Radio Netherlands Worldwide". Rnw.nl. 24 February 2011. http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/gaddafis-dutch-millions. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ Charles Féraud, “Annales Tripolitaines”, the Arabic version named “Al Hawliyat Al Libiya”, translated to Arabic by Mohammed Abdel Karim El Wafi, Dar el Ferjani, Tripoli, Libya, vol. 3, p.797.
^ "Gaddafi defiant as state teeters – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 23 February 2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/20112235434767487.html. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
^ "Middle East and North Africa unrest". BBC News. 24 February 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
^ Greek newspaper "Ta Nea" (Τα Νέα),21 Feb. 2011 ΜΟΥΑΜΑΡ ΚΑΝΤΑΦΙ 42 ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑ
^ Lewis, Aidan (28 August 2009). "Profile: Muammar Gaddafi". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7594790.stm. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
^ "Bloodless coup in Libya". London: BBC News. 20 December 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Geraghty, Tony (1980, 1983), Who Dares Wins, The Story of the SAS 1950–1982, pp 1–7, 124/5, Fontana Books
^ Seale, P. and McConville, M. (1973), The Hilton Assignment, London:Temple Smith, New York:Praeger.
^ ^a ^b ^c Profile: Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan Leader at time of Lockerbie Bombing by David Blair, Daily Telegraph, 13 August 2009
^ Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.. BBC News. 27 October 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mohamed Eljahmi (2006). "Libya and the U.S.: Qadhafi Unrepentant". The Middle East Quarterly. http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-qadhafi-unrepentant.
^ "The Green Book, Third Volume “The Social Basis of the Third World Theory”, The Social Basis of the Third World Theory". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb3.htm#SOCIAL. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, Third Volume “The Social Basis of the Third World Theory”, The Nation". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb3.htm#NATION. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, Second Volume “The Solution of the Economic Problem”, Need". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb2.htm#NEED. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, Second Volume “The Solution of the Economic Problem”, Housing". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb2.htm#HOUSE. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, Second Volume “The Solution of the Economic Problem”, Income". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb2.htm#INCOME. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, First Volume “The Solution of the Problem of Democracy”, Popular Conferences and People’s Commitees. «Popular Conferences are the only means to achieve popular democracy»". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb1.htm#popular. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, Second Volume “The Solution of the Economic Problem”, Domestic Servants". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb2.htm#DOMESTIC. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, Third Volume “The Social Basis of the Third World Theory”, Education". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb3.htm#EDUCATE. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, First Volume “The Solution of the Problem of Democracy”, The Law of Society". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb1.htm#law. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Constitutional Declaration of Libya, Article 2. «The Holy Qur'an is the social code in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, since authority belongs solely to the people, by whom it is exercised through people's congresses, people's committees, trade unions, federations and professional associations (the General People's Congress, the working procedures of which are established by law).»
^ "The Green Book, First Volume “The Solution of the Problem of Democracy”, The Instruments of Governing". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb1.htm#instrument. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, First Volume “The Solution of the Problem of Democracy”, Popular Conferences and People’s Committees". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb1.htm#popular. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The Green Book, First Volume “The Solution of the Problem of Democracy”, Who Supervises the Conduct of Society?". Mathaba.net. http://www.mathaba.net/gci/theory/gb1.htm#society. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Facts on File 1980 Yearbook p353, 451
^ "A new flag flies in the east". 24 February 2011.
^ Brian Lee Davis. Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya..
^ "Freedom of the Press 2009". Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fop/2009/FreedomofthePress2009_tables.pdf. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
^ "judgment of the ICJ of 13 February 1994" (PDF). Archived from the original on 31 December 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041231130404/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/icases/idt/idt_ijudgments/idt_ijudgment_19940203.pdf. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
^ G. Prunier, Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, p. 45
^ ^a ^b S. Nolutshungu, p. 220
^ J. Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns, p. 91
^ Prunier, pp. 61–65
^ de Waal, Alex (5 August 2004). "Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap". London Review of Books 26 (15). http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n15/waal01_.html.
^ McGregor, Andrew (17 June 2005). "Terrorism and Violence in the Sudan: The Islamist Manipulation of Darfur" (– ^{Scholar search}). Terrorism Monitor (The Jamestown Foundation) 3 (12). http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369723. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Libya Has Trouble Building the Most Deadly Weapons". http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/libya/trouble.html.
^ "1968 to 1990: Program Beginnings". NTI. http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Libya/Nuclear/index.html.
^ Libyan Chemical Weapons. Global Security.
^ "Libya Chemical Weapons Destruction Costly". Armscontrol.org. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_05/Libya.
^ Idi Amin, Benoni Turyahikayo-Rugyema (1998). Idi Amin speaks: an annotated selection of his speeches.
^ ^a ^b Joseph T. Stanik (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's undeclared war with Qaddafi.
^ ^a ^b Brian Lee Davis (1990). Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya. p. 16.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Brian Lee Davis. Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya.. p. 183.
^ ^a ^b The Middle East and North Africa 2003 (2002). Eur. p. 758
^ The New York Times, 20 Aug. 1981.
^ "Gadaffi still hunts 'stray dogs' in UK". The Guardian. UK. 28 March 2004. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/mar/28/politics.libya.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brian Lee Davis. Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya.. p. 182.
^ Washington Post 12 June 1972
^ The New York Times 12 June 1972
^ RTE Documentary: The Navy
^ Bowyer Bell, p. 398.
^ ^a ^b ^c "A Rogue Returns". AIJAC. February 2003. http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2003/282/Libya-return.html.
^ Geoffrey Leslie Simons. Libya: the struggle for survival. p. 281.
^ ^a ^b St. John, Ronald Bruce (1 December 1992). "Libyan terrorism: the case against Gaddafi". Contemporary Review. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Libyan+terrorism:+the+case+against+Gaddafi.-a014151801.
^ Niksch, Larry (25 January 2002). "Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL31265.pdf.
^ Joseph T. Stanik. El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's undeclared war with Qaddafi.
^ President Ronald Reagan (10 March 1982). "Proclamation 4907 – Imports of Petroleum". United States Office of the Federal Register. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/31082a.htm.
^ ^a ^b Yossef Bodansky. Target America & the West: terrorism today. pp. 301–303.
^ Encyclopedia of terrorism. Cindy C. Combs,Martin W. Slann.
^ Rayner, Gordon (28 August 2010). "Yvonne Fletcher killer may be brought to justice". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/7967820/Yvonne-Fletcher-killer-may-be-brought-to-justice.html.
^ Seale, Patrick. Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire. Hutchinson, 1992, p. 245.
^ Brian Lee Davis. Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya.. p. 186.
^ Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing. BBC on 13 November 2001.
^ Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya. Brian Lee Davis
^ "How the mighty are falling". The Economist. 5 July 2007. http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9441341. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
^ "Analysis: Lockerbie's long road". London: BBC News. 31 January 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (1 September 2009). "Britain's past relations with Libya: Yvonne Fletcher and plot to kill Gaddafi". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/01/uk-libya-relations-yvonne-fletcher. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
^ Glen Owen (6 September 2009). "Ex-spy is BP's Lawrence of Arabia". Daily Mail. UK. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1211483/Ex-spy-BPs-Lawrence-Arabia.html#ixzz1EtrE0VMc. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
^ "Libya completes Lockerbie payout". London: BBC News. 22 August 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3167907.stm. Retrieved 5 March 2005.
^ "Libya compensates terror victims". London: BBC News. 31 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7703110.stm. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
^ Severin Carrell, Scotland correspondent (29 June 2007). "Libyan jailed over Lockerbie wins right to appeal". Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,,2114463,00.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Rice in talks with Libya's Gaddafi". BBC News. 5 September 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7599199.stm. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "Anger at Lockerbie bomber welcome". London: BBC News. 21 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8213352.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Obama condemns Lockerbie bomber's 'hero's welcome'". CNN. 21 August 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/08/21/scotland.lockerbie.bomber/index.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Brown finally condemns Megrahi welcome". Sbs.com.au. http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1077927/Brown-finally-condemns-Megrahi-welcome. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "When in Rome, Gaddafi will do as the Bedouins". Sydney Morning Herald. 11 June 2009. http://www.smh.com.au/world/when-in-rome-gaddafi-will-do-as-the-bedouins-20090610-c3ln.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Ed Pilkington in New York (25 August 2009). "New Jersey town outraged over upcoming Gaddafi visit". Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/25/muammar-gaddafi-englewood-new-jersey. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Battle, Pat (28 August 2009). "Gadhafi Cast Out of Garden (State): Source". Nbcnewyork.com. http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local-beat/Jersey-Mayor-55753792.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Qaddafi Cancels Plans to Stay in New Jersey". Nytimes.com. 29 August 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/29/nyregion/29libya.html?_r=1. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ Gadaffi's tent finds home on Donald Trump's estate M&G
^ "Moammar Gadhafi Won't Stay in Bedford Tent After All - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 23 September 2009. http://abcnews.go.com/International/Politics/gaddafis-tent-blocked-stop-work-order/story?id=8649084. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "Libya to discuss hosting Russian base". http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/00e2583c-a743-11dd-865e-000077b07658.html.
^ "Gadhafi: UN Security Council is undemocratic". Finalcall.com. http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/article_6451.shtml. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Anger and support for Gadhafi". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/politics/2009/09/23/snow.un.gadhafi.supporters.cnn. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Qaddafi's Serbian TV Interview Result Of Close Belgrade-Tripoli Ties". Radio Free Europe. 28 February 2011. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/2323834.html.
^ "Qaddafi's Yugoslav friends". 25 February 2010. http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/02/libyas_balkan_connections.
^ "Gaddafi Given Yugoslavia's Top Medal By Milosevic". Reuters. 26 October 1999. http://www.alb-net.com/kcc/102699.htm.
^ Indyk, Martin S. (2004). "The Iraq War did not Force Gaddafi's Hand". The Financial Times. http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/indyk/20040309.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2006.
^ Leverett, Flynt (2004). "Why Libya Gave Up on the Bomb". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060101191245/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/libya.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2006.
^ Thomson, Mike. "The Libyan Prime Minister". Today Programme. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/misc/libya_20040224.shtml. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
^ "US to renew full ties with Libya". London: BBC News. 15 May 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4773617.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Libya's Gaddafi Urges Backers to 'Kill' Enemies". The Epoch Times. http://en.epochtimes.com/news/6-8-31/45530.html. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
^ "Sarkozy signs deals with Gaddafi". London: BBC News. 25 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6914857.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Libya: Ministries Abolished". Carnegieendowment.org. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=19968&prog=zgp&proj=zdrl,zme#news. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Gaddafi attacks Obama on Israel". London: BBC News. 12 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7450000.stm.
^ "Visit of Condoleezza Rice". London: BBC News. 5 September 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7599199.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "The One-State Solution", The New York Times 22 January 2009
^ ^a ^b "Ratifica ed esecuzione del Trattato di amicizia, partenariato e cooperazione tra la Repubblica italiana e la Grande Giamahiria araba libica popolare socialista, fatto a Bengasi il 30 agosto 2008" (in Italian). Parliament of Italy. 6 February 2009. http://www.senato.it/parlam/leggi/09007l.htm. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Gaddafi to Rome for historic visit". ANSA. 10 June 2009. http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html. Retrieved 10 June 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Berlusconi in Benghazi, Unwelcome by Son of Omar Al-Mukhtar". The Tripoli Post. 30 August 2008. http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=2335. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ "Italia-Libia, firmato l'accordo". La Repubblica (Italy). 30 August 2008. http://www.repubblica.it/2008/05/sezioni/esteri/libia-italia/accordo-firmato/accordo-firmato.html. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ "Libya agrees pact with Italy to boost investment". Alarab Online. 2 March 2009. http://www.alarabonline.org/english/display.asp?fname=2009%5C03%5C03-02%5Czbusinessz%5C988.htm&dismode=x&ts=02/03/2009%2004:42:49%20ã. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ "Gheddafi a Roma, tra le polemiche". Democratic Party. 10 June 2009. http://www.partitodemocratico.it/dettaglio/81290/gheddafi_a_roma_tra_le_polemiche. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ "Gheddafi protetto dalle Amazzoni". La Stampa (Italy). http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/politica/200906articoli/44496girata.asp.
^ "Gheddafi a Roma: Radicali in piazza per protestare contro il dittatore" (in Italian). Iris Press. 10 June 2009. http://www.irispress.it/Iris/page.asp?VisImg=S&Art=41589&Cat=1&I=null&IdTipo=0&TitoloBlocco=Politica&Codi_Cate_Arti=27. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ The Earthtimes (10 July 2009). "The Earth Times Online Newspaper". Earthtimes.org. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/276995,leadall-g8-summits-sets-seal-on-obamas-new-diplomacy.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Gaddafi comes in from the cold". Express.co.uk. 11 July 2009. http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/113179/Gaddafi-comes-in-from-the-cold. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Gaddafi meets Obama in Aquila". Afriquejet.com. 1 July 2009. http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/gaddafi-meets-obama-in-aquila-2009071131416.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Feeing the hungry to changing the climate – what the G8 did for us". Euronews.net. 28 June 2009. http://www.euronews.net/2009/07/10/feeing-the-hungry-to-changing-the-climate-what-the-g8-did-for-us/. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ G8:Stretta Di Mano Obama – Gheddafi, Berlusconi Li Avvicina^{[dead link]}
^ "Storica stretta di mano fra Obama e Gheddafi". Unionesarda.ilsole24ore.com. 10 July 2009. http://unionesarda.ilsole24ore.com/Articoli/Articolo/133647. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Europe should convert to Islam: Gaddafi". The Times of India (India). 31 August 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Europe-should-convert-to-Islam-Gaddafi/articleshow/6464781.cms. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
^ "Al-Qaddafi: Islam taking over Europe – Victory within a Few Decades". Al-Jazeera TV. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7ympF_grrA. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "Will Britain one day be Muslim?". Daily Mail (London). 5 May 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-452815/Will-Britain-day-Muslim.html. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "Tech.mit.edu". Tech.mit.edu. 12 September 1995. http://tech.mit.edu/V115/N40/arab.40w.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "The rule-breaking conduct of Qaddafi's Libya". November 2003. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1402/is_2_25/ai_n29060112/.
^ "Gaddafi slams ICC as 'new form of world terrorism'". ABC. 30 April 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/03/30/2529298.htm.
^ "Gaddafi vows to push Africa unity". London: BBC News. 2 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7864604.stm. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
^ "Gaddafi: Africa's king of kings". London: BBC News. 29 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7588033.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Libyan leader imposes himself as ‘King of Kings’ in Africa". Religiousintelligence.co.uk. 3 February 2009. http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=3770. Retrieved 14 February 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Uganda bars Gaddafi kings' forum". London: BBC News. 13 January 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7825843.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Gaddafi Storms Out of Arab Summit, Slams Saudi King for Pro-Americanism". HuffingtonPost.com. 30 March 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/gaddafi-storms-out-of-ara_n_180661.html. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ See Rapport général sur la situation des droits humains des Imazighen de Libye – 2007, p. 5. Inside the document, more details about Gaddafi's attitude towards Berbers and Berber.
^ "Gaddafi defends Somali pirates", Daily Nation, 5 February 2009
^ "The Nation: All Eyes On Obama At The United Nations". http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113110885. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
^ "General Debate of the 64th Session (2009) – Statement Summary and UN Webcast". http://www.un.org/ga/64/generaldebate/LY.shtml. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
^ "Gadafi's speech to the UN General Assembly(2009)". http://www.btinternet.com/~davidbeaumont/msf/gadafi.htm. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
^ Neil MacFarqhuar (23 September 2009). "Libyan Leader Delivers a Scolding in UN Debut". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/24/world/24nations.html?_r=1. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
^ James Bone & Francis Elliott (24 September 2009). "Colonel Gaddafi chastises 'terror council' in rambling, 94-minute speech". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6846440.ece. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
^ Helene Cooper & Sharon Otterman (24 September 2009). "UN Security Council Adopts Measure on Nuclear Arms". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/world/25prexy.html?hp. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
^ "Gaddafi charged for cleric kidnap". London: BBC News. 27 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7584557.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "Libya Names Stadium after Hugo Chavez". Tripolipost.com. http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=2914. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ Hannah Strange (28 September 2009). "Gaddafi proposes ‘Nato of the South’ at South America-Africa summit". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6851632.ece. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
^ ""Airstrikes in Libya did not take place" – Russian military," (01-03-2011)
^ ^a ^b "Libya protests: Pressure mounts on isolated Gaddafi". 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-middle-east-12550719. Retrieved 23 February 2011. BBC report regarding the death toll of the uprising, and listing disaffected officials.
^ "Gadhafi Battles to Hang On". The Wall Street Journal. 22 February 2011. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703498804576157460505874944.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ Gerald A. Perreira "Libya, Getting it Right: A Revolutionary Pan-African Perspective," Black Agenta Report (2 March 2011)
^ "Interior minister resigns rather than carry out Gadhafi orders". 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-22/world/libya.protests_1_libyan-state-libyan-leader-moammar-gadhafi-libyan-people?_s=PM:WORLD. Retrieved 23 February 2011. Report summary of status of protests as of 23 Feb..
^ ^a ^b ^c "Special Commentary: Can African Mercenaries Save the Libyan Regime?". The Jamestown Foundation. 23 February 2011. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37551&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=f0b3ef8200af7c3a039bc6f593c6ffc6.
^ "Srpski „psi rata“ čuvaju Gadafija!". Alo. 23 February 2011. http://www.alo.rs/vesti/35945/Srpski_psi_rata_cuvaju_Gadafija.
^ "Defying Gadhafi's Crackdown; Analysis With Dr. Drew Pinsky; Interview With Kevin Smith". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1102/25/pmt.01.html.
^ "Text message from a house in Libya: We are being slaughtered here". The Telegraph India. 23 February 2011. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110223/jsp/frontpage/story_13623418.jsp.
^ "Is Gaddafi turning to foreign mercenaries?". Trust. 24 February 2011. http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/is-libyas-gaddafi-turning-to-foreign-mercenaries/.
^ Serbian TV broadcasts exclusive Gaddafi interview
^ "Libya received military shipment from Belarus, claims EU arms watchdog". The Guardian. 1 March 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/01/libya-received-belarus-military-shipment.
^ "UN: Security Council Refers Libya to ICC". Human Rights Watch. 27 February 2011. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/27/un-security-council-refers-libya-icc.
^ "Stop Gaddafi". http://www.stopqaddafi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=9. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Charkow, Ryab (22 February 2011). "Moammar Gadhafi and his family". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/02/22/f-gadhafi-family.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ "CNN - Mandela hails South Africa election results - June 6, 1999". Edition.cnn.com. 6 June 1999. http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9906/06/safrica.elex/index.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "Safia Farkash | Ask.com Encyclopedia". Ask.com. http://www.ask.com/wiki/Safia_Farkash. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi v. The Daily Telegraph". 21 August 2002. http://www.libya-watanona.com/news/n21aug2a.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
^ The Gaddafi family tree, BBC News, 21 February 2011
^ Bremner, Charles (4 February 2005). "Hannibal gives Gaddafi a bad name". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article510293.ece. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
^ "Police called to Gaddafi son's hotel room after staff hear screams – Crime, UK". The Independent (London). 31 December 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-called-to-gaddafi-sons-hotel-room-after-staff-hear-screams-1853919.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Libya 'halts Swiss oil shipments'". London: BBC News. 24 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7523537.stm. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
^ "Merz hints at new Gaddafi meeting". 18 September 2009. http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/merz-hints-at-new-gaddafi-meeting.shtml?15968.
^ Bachmann, Helena (25 September 2009). "Libyan Leader Gaddafi's Oddest Idea: Abolish Switzerland". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926053,00.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Brian Lee Davis (1990). Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya. p. 141.
^ "NBC’s Mitchell Regurgitates Gaddafi Lies". Accuracy in media. 22 February 2011. http://www.aim.org/aim-column/nbc%E2%80%99s-mitchell-regurgitates-gaddafi-lies/.
^ "Libya concert marks US bomb raids". London: BBC News. 15 April 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4911434.stm. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
^ Ian Black Middle East editor (22 February 2011). "Gaddafi's confidant is Abdullah Senussi, a brutal right-hand man". The Guardian. UK. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/22/gaddafi-abdullah-senussi-brutal-right-hand-man. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ "Impostor Defends Bulgarian Nurses before Gaddafi". Standart News (Bulgarian). 3 March 2007. http://standartnews.com/en/article.php?d=2007-03-03&article=3589. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
^ "Segognya, 30 Nov. 2010". Segodnya.ua. http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14200046.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b Exposed: Gaddafi Inc. by Michael Burleigh, The Daily Telegraph, 26 Feb 2011.
^ "Muammar Gaddafi: the wise investor". Business Today. 7 November 2001. http://www.businesstoday.com.mt/2001/1107/focus.html. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
^ "Gaddafi in Moscow for arms talks". Al-Jazeera English. 2008. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/10/200810311533276303.html. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
^ Jesse Lee. "President Obama on Libya: "These Sanctions Therefore Target the Qaddafi Government, While Protecting the Assets that Belong to the People of Libya" | The White House". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/02/25/president-obama-libya-these-sanctions-therefore-target-qaddafi-government-while-prot?utm_source=wh.gov&utm_medium=shorturl&utm_campaign=shorturl. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "Xinhuanet.com". News.xinhuanet.com. 4 February 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/04/content_10764270.htm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Zucchino, David (20 February 2011). "Libya: Kadafi loses another city to Libya opposition". latimes.com. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-libya-revolt-20110228,0,6559359.story. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "Second-Graders Get Letter From Khadafy." The Associated Press 16 May 1986: Domestic News.
^ "Gaddafi's personal website". Algathafi.org. http://www.algathafi.org/html-english/index.htm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "How are you supposed to spell Muammar Gaddafi/Khadafy/Qadhafi?". The Straight Dope. 1986. http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_264b.html. Retrieved 5 March 2006.
^ "How many different ways can you spell 'Gaddafi'". ABC News. 2009. http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/09/how-many-different-ways-can-you-spell-gaddafi.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ "SNL Transcripts: Bill Murray: 12/12/81: SNL Newsbreak with Brian Doyle-Murray". Snltranscripts.jt.org. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/81/81hnews.phtml. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ "Libyan Stamps online". Libyan-stamps.com. http://www.libyan-stamps.com. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Watkins, John (18 March 2006). "Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'". London: BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Sagem. "SAGEM". Sagem-ds.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617232838/http://www.sagem-ds.com/fra/site.php?spage=02020100. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ "卡扎菲千万美元定购望远镜可能安装在沙漠深处（组图）". 东方军事. 6 January 2005. http://mil.eastday.com/eastday/mil/node3230/node3231/node3401/userobject1ai776743.html. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
^ The One-State Solution The New York Times. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2011.

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muammar Gaddafi

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Muammar al-Gaddafi

Official personal website
Muammar Gaddafi at the Internet Movie Database
Works by or about Muammar Gaddafi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Muammar Gaddafi: a life in pictures The Guardian

Articles

The NS Profile: Muammar al-Gaddafi, Sholto Byrnes, New Statesman, 27 August 2009
Libya's Last Bedouin, Rudolph Chimelli, Qantara.de, 2 September 2009
Gaddafi: The Last Supervillain?, slideshow by Life magazine
Gaddafi's 40th Anniversary, slideshow by The First Post

Political offices
New office	Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya 1969–1979	Succeeded by Position abolished
Preceded by Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi	Prime Minister of Libya 1970–1972	Succeeded by Abdessalam Jalloud
New office	Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya 1977–1979	Succeeded by Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
New office	Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya 1979–present	Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Jakaya Kikwete	Chairperson of the African Union 2009–2010	Succeeded by Bingu wa Mutharika

Selasa, 08 Maret 2011

Muammar Gaddafi

Contents